There are many reasons why a cat's fur might stand on end, mainly including the following:

1. Feeling nervous or scared: When cats feel nervous or scared, their fur will stand up involuntarily, which makes their bodies look bigger and thus deters potential threats.
2. Anger or protest: When cats are very angry, they will also puff up their fur.
3. Relaxing or stretching: When cats relax or stretch, their muscles contract, which may cause their fur to stand on end.
4. Physical discomfort or illness: When a cat is sick or feels unwell, it will also express this by puffing up its fur.
In general, a cat's fur standing on end is a rather complex physiological and behavioral response. As pet owners, we just need to pay more attention to it and there's nothing to worry about.